Affective Personality and Primary Emotion Systems

Affective Personality and Primary Emotion Systems Affect is the subjective experiential-feeling component that accompanies bodily stimulation found in physiological aspects such as: the homeostatic drive of hunger and thirst, the external stimulation of taste and touch and the emotional stimulation of environmental events. All are compound central functions of the brain, which are triggered by perceptions, becoming experientially refined. Such affective experiences are typically conceptualized in terms of: valence, such as positive and negative feelings. Arousal; which refers to the intensity of the feeling and also power, concerning the effect of the feeling on the mental state (Panksepp, 2005). There exists a large number of affective states each representing different neuro-dynamics within the brain. Such brain systems operate as an evolutionary adaption situated in subcortical networks and lower brain regions which produce these basic affects, with learning and higher brain functions considered secondary and tertiary processes ( Davis Panksepp, 2011). Such systems are located in ancient brain regions and are predominantly homologous in all mammals. These brain systems generate instinctual behavioural responses that are closely linked to the primitive affects that accompany such activity. (Panksepp, 1998a). Panksepps theory of affective personality (Panksepp, 1998a) suggests that such affective states modulated by these systems when induced by emotional stimuli act as the basis for personality. By employing techniques such as deep (subcortical) electrical stimulation (DBS) and pharmacological manipulation, the construction of six distinct primary emotion systems (SEEK, CARE, PLAY, FEAR, ANGER and SADNESS), anchored in phylogenetically old brain areas, have been developed (Panksepp, 1998a) (Primary emotional systems are printed in capital letters, as a formal designation for primal systems in all mammalian brains and to distinguish them from the vernacular emotional terms traditionally used in emotional and personality research). The affective personality model suggests that Individual differences in these emotional systems promote varying affective states, acting as the basis for individual differences in personality. Each system influences different affective activity which can correspond to a different fundamental personality trait. The six emotional systems are divided into two categories in correspondence to their associated valence. The positive system encompasses SEEK, CARE and PLAY while FEAR, ANGER and SADNESS fall into the negative system. The first of the three positive systems can be classed as SEEK. This precipitates behaviours such as enthusiasm, curiosity and learning. It produces motivation to search for things the organism needs, craves and desires. The system is proposed to correspond with the medial forebrain bundle or the brain reward system. It has been found to be largely driven by dopamine activity following a neural circuit surrounding the ventral-tegmental area of the midbrain and medial frontal cortex (Panksepp, 2010). For instance, it is noted in Trowill, Panksepp, Gandelman (1989) how the manipulation of dopamine activity in medial frontal cortex resulted in the exhibition of coherent emotional responses representing foraging or seeking. Further studies regarding self-stimulation reward have noted a complex neuronal system for appetitive desire which mediates an articulate organismic urge to explore the environment and seek resources in response to bodily needs and external incentives (Ikemoto Panks epp, 1999). The CARE system concerns behaviours such as empathy and nurture and is argued to be more active in females then males because of an evolutionary adaptation to ensure offspring survival. It is proposed to be heavily related to hormone Oxytocin, which is more present in females then males, and has been found to be involved in trust, pair bonding, and generosity (Panksepp, 2010). It is believed to operate around a neural system in the forebrain coursing the hypothalamus, posterior lobe and the nucleus accumbens and may increase affiliative behaviour by dampening amygdala activity (Theodoridou, Rowe, Penton-Voak Rogers, 2009). For example, a study by Kirsch et al (2005) found that the manipulation of oxytocin activity around the posterior lobe increased perceptions of trustworthiness in participants. Furthermore, a fMRI study by Petrovic, Kalso, Petersson Ingvar (2008) found reduced amygdala activity to be related to increased perception of generosity. Finally, the PLAY System refers to feelings of excitement, exploration and the instinctual nature of rough and tumble play demonstrated in human childhood and most young mammals. It is believed to influence learning of social structures, and several social processes such as defeat and social-appetitive motor skills (Panksepp, 1998a). Much like the seek systems it has been found to be linked to stimulation of the ventral tegmental area via dopamine (Panksepp, 2010). Evidence of this can be seen in studies which show the behaviour to survive radical decortication with animals possessing no neocortex still exhibiting play behaviour (Panksepp, Normansell, Cox Siviy, 1994). Furthermore, placing psychostimulants such as amphetamine into the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) can promote stimulation of laughter and feelings of joy (Burgdorf, Knutson, Panksepp, Ikemoto, 2001) and engaging in playful activities also provokes a robust arousal of the same brain area in humans (Mobbs, Greici us, Abdel-Azim, Menon, Reiss, 2003). The first system in the negative grouping is named ANGER which relates to feeling of annoyance, displeasure and hostility and is often aroused when the seeking system is inhibited. The system is related to the activity of the neuropeptide glutamate within a neural network extending from the amygdala and hypothalamus to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) (Located in the tegmentum) (Panksepp, 2010), a region shown to influence defensive behaviour and aggression (Tovote et al, 2016). In a neuroimaging review by Bruehl, Burns, Chung Chont (2009) it was found that opioid dysfunction in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, amygdala, and PAG was related to direct verbal or physical expression of anger. The FEAR system influences behaviours such as alarm and panic when an organism is put in a threatening situation. The system is heavily related to the concept of flight or fight, as activation can lead organisms to flee or elicit a freezing response. It is related to neuropeptide Y and corticotropic activity stimulated by the hypothalamus (Panksepp, 2010). This system was established on the basis of experiments showing that localized DBS within an anterior hypothalamic trajectory could generate coherent fear responses and anxiety (Pankepp, 2005). Furthermore, stimulation of this system at various points along the neuroaxis resulted in animals consistently attempting to escape DBS applied to such brain sites (Panksepp, 1998a). Finally, the SADNESS system includes feelings of grief, unhappiness and regret. Relevant sub-cortical areas of control include the anterior cingulate, the bed-nucleus of the stria terminalis, the ventral septal and dorsal preoptic areas, the dorsomedial thalamus, and the PAG. Such areas have been found to linked to the detection and appraising of social processes as well the expression of negative emotion (Etkin, Egner Kalisch (2012). Some of these areas, most notably the ventral septal and dorsomedial thalamus, are known to control feelings of physical pain with shallow levels of brain stimulation within the PAG still being able to evoke emotional distress (Eisenberger, Lieberman, Williams, 2003). Similarly, it has been reported that social exclusion and depression activates anterior cingulate regions that are known to regulate pain within the human brain (Mayberg, 2004). Moreover, localized electrical stimulation of the stria terminalis can provoke crying (Herman Panksepp, 1981) with neuroimaging imaging studies highlighting similar trajectories of brain activation when experiencing intense sadness (Damasio, Grabowski, Bechara, Damasio, Ponto, Parvizi, 2000). The ANPS On the basis of such evidence for brain affective systems, it can be inferred that a great deal of variation in personality may be related to the strengths and weaknesses found the activity of these systems. This implies that evaluation of personality can be based on empirically relevant indicators along the lines of these brain systems. This precipitated the construction of the affective neuroscience personality scale (ANPS; Davis, Panksepp Normansell, 2003). Modelled after the Spielbergers State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI; Spielberger, 1975) and based on such neurological studies, the ANPS was designed to approximate self-reported feedback concerning the individual differences of these six neural based networks. The ANPS contrast to traditional measures of personality such as questionnaires based on the five-factor model (FFM; Goldberg, 1990) which primarily focus on linguistic representations of personality. As the FFM is based on a lexical (adjective-based) approach it do es not assist in hypothesizing about neural emotional systems underlying the human personality. For example, it has been found that emotional distress is related to stimulation of the PAG (Eisenberger et al, 2003). Therefore, such neural activity can be attributed to participants indicating high levels of distress on the ANPS, whereas reporting emotional distress via a lexical-based personality tool would indicated the presence of linguistic representation rather than hinting at the neural correlates. This can be seen in a study by Montag Reuter (2013) which highlights the use of the ANPS in helping identify the monoamines and neuropeptides involved in the molecular genetic basis of personality. However, the FFM can be argued to be the most influential tool in the measurement of personality, with thousands of studies within the realms of social and cognitive psychology, genetics and psychopathology employing its use Costa McCrae (1995). Therefore, the ANPS should be able to relate to the FFM in terms of the connection between the affective systems and the traditional adjectival descriptive personality dimensions (Extroversion, Introversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness). Research shows a theoretical relationship between the ANPS and the FFM with each of the six ANPS sub-scales reporting a significant correlation with at least one FFM sub-scale. The most robust associations have been reported between Extraversion and PLAY, Openness and SEEK with Agreeableness positively related to CARE and negatively with ANGER Conscientiousness seems to be more weakly related with the three negative emotions. (Davis et al, 2003). Such findings make theoretical sense as many of the behavioural facets defined in each sub-scale relate to corresponding sub-scales in the other model. For example, both the SEEK system and Openness sub-scale include facets relating to curiosity. It is suggested in Davis Panksepp (2011) that the six affective systems form the foundation for substantial parts of the adult five-factor personality structure. For example, that the root of Extraversion, as defined in the FFM, may be the PLAY system. This first emerges as infant smiling, laughter, and sensitivity to tickling, then in later development as childhood games and social interaction and is elaborated in adult personalities as they as joke telling and social engagement. Personality Attachment One area in which the FFM has been greatly utilized, is adult attachment. Adult attachment is a theory designed to explain thoughts, feelings and behaviours in the context of adult relationships. The theory was first developed in Mikulincer Shaver (2003) where it was suggested that close adult relationships mirror the relationship between mother and child, where, for example, a securely attached individual is comforted when their attachments are present and anxious when they are absent. Shaver and Brenner (1992) is one of the earliest examples for the examination of the relationship between attachment and personality. Most studies in the area have focused on the associations between attachment measures and the big five personality traits. Results have generally followed theoretically predictable patterns. Since the publication of Shaver and Brennans (1992) study, several other researchers have reported correlations between a variety of different attachment measures and different mea sures of the Big Five. In general, these studies show attachment security to be moderately-negatively correlated with neuroticism and moderately-positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. With attachment security rarely showing a correlation with openness (Noftle Shaver, 2006). Such relationships tend to situate around a r = .30 correlation, implying the sub-scales are not simply redundant with each other (Noftle Shaver, 2006). These findings are further developed in studies examining the underlying cognitive and behavioural constructs behind such a relationship. For example, it has been noted how introversion is a form of insecurity in a similar way to insecurity in attachment. An Insecure attachment occurs when a caregiver is unreliable, leading to feelings of vulnerability in the child which relates heavily to the vulnerability and anxiety sub-scales of introversion in the FFM (Thompson, 1999). More recent research has attempted to study this relationship as a possible construct in clinical realms. For example, it has been reported how early traumatization affects brain areas in emotional states which verbal treatment cannot reach, resulting in hindered personality development and attachment malfunction (Ammon, 2010). Personality and attachment profiles have also been found to be important indicators for treatment of drug addiction in patients with children as well as for relapse prevention programmes for sex-offenders (Francescade, 2014, Lu Lung, 2010). Brain imaging studies have also contributed to literature concerning attachment and personality, to a lesser degree. Studies examining the neural correlates of attachment have found several overlapping areas such as the amygdala and the midbrain nuclei to be involved in the activation of the attachment-system (Lenzi et al, 2015) as well as regulation of the SEEK system (Trowill, 1989). This connection is better illustrated in Narvaezs (2017) theory of human biosocial plasticity. It is suggested that the primary caregiver acts as an external psychobiological regulator whose behaviour helps shape the construction of the childs affective neural systems. During prenatal and perinatal life, the maturation of the neocortex is rapidly developing. Under typical developmental conditions, before four months postnatally, the connections between the amygdala and regions mediating motor activity and environmental provocations have not become fully mature (Weber, Watts, Richardson, 2003). From fi ve six months however, reactions to environmental stimuli are patterned clearly. During this development, the relationship between the caregiver and child act as a template for interactions between the self and the social environment. The infant and the caregivers attachment system provides an instrument by which the elementary nervous system of the infant can be co-constructed by the caregiver to help develop psycho-behavioural potentials patterned into the affective emotional systems (Schore, 2001, in Narvaez, 2017). This is further illustrated in a study by Farinelli et al (2015) which found a relationship between affective personality and attachment style in adults. A group of stroke patients with lesions to certain areas of the brain were compared to a group of control patients, in terms of affective personality and attachment style. It was found that those with lesions to midline regions involved in the regulation of the positive emotional system displayed significantly lower levels of SEEK, and higher levels of SADNESS and insecure attachment. Similar results were found in those with lesions to the motor cortex, with the addition of increased levels of ANGER. Dopamine activity surrounding the motor cortex and midbrain regions has been found to play a role in the modulation the ANGER system (Hosp, Pekanovic, Mengia, Rioult-Pedotti Luft, 2011). Neuroimaging studies have also focused on more specific relations between personality and attachment. Most notably, a substantial amount of research has underlined the relationship between the CARE system and the anxiety sub-type of attachment. There exists two sub-types of attachment, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, which refer to different measures of the construct. There are many different dimensions of attachment such as the traditional: secure, insecure avoidant and insecure anxious constructs (Ainsworth Bowlby, 1991). However, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance refer to measures of these different dimensions Mikulincer Shaver (2003). Attachment anxiety also referred to as the model of self refers to concepts such as self-awareness and self-consciousness in the context of relationships. This is opposed to attachment avoidance or model of others which refers to ones feelings and cognitions concerning others in the relationship dynamic. Many brain imaging s tudies have focused on the activity of the neuropeptide oxytocin in terms of the CARE system and attachment anxiety. For example, there is neural evidence indicating the importance of oxytocin in helping develop the model of self during the earliest stages of attachment. Insel (2003) highlights the importance of oxytocin for facilitating mother-infant bonding, maternal urges, and solidification of social memories. It has also been found to reduce separation distress and facilitate social bonding from the infants perspective (Nelson Panksepp, 1998). This activity can be seen to relate to similar neural behaviour involved in aspects of the PLAY system, such as empathy and maternal behaviour. For example, the posterior lateral hypothalamus is involved in introspection and self-awareness (Fabbro, Aglioti, Bergamasco, Clarici Panksepp, 2015) as well as maternal behaviour, of which both are modulated by oxytocin administration (Sripada, Phan, Labuschagne, Welsh, Nathan Wood, 2013). Oxy tocin also mediates the activation of the posterior temporal sulcus, which is involved in the mentalizing and processing of self-other distinction (Decety Lamm, 2007) as well as empathy (Paulus, MÃ ¼ller, Jansen, Gazzola, Krach SÃ ¶ren, 2015).

Refugee Women During the 21st Century Essay -- Immigration Feminism Im

Refugee Women During the 21st Century Refugees face governmental turmoil, political prosecution and natural disasters; however, women are further burdened by their female status, biological functions and lack of attention to the needs of women in refugee camps. Refugee women sustain emotional and often physical scars attempting to escape from oppressive situations. They are forced to leave, face death or perhaps something worse. They may find these horrors anyway, but they will risk that unknown for a chance at a different life. The first stop on this arduous journey is often a refugee camp. Here, if they are lucky, they are provided with basic needs such as food and shelter. During a presentation by the International Rescue Committee, a group that helps refugees, my fear was confirmed, that the needs of women are not being met. The I.R.C. spokesman said, "Women are sometimes given information on birth control, AIDS prevention and family planning, but it depends on the country." I find it difficult to imagine that something as obvious as birth control is hardly considered or ...

Different Cultures Essay

Explore how relationships are constrained and influenced by the traditions and restrictions of the different cultures evident in the short stories in section 3 of the Edexcel anthology. Country Lovers, A Stench of Kerosene and Veronica are stories that share large similarities with each other. The out come of each story emotionally affected the characters in each of them. The resulting out come is due to cultural laws. These three stories all have a powerful say in culture in different parts of the world. They each expose the life of people living in a culture much different to culture in England. The outcome of A Stench of Kerosene demonstrates what it was like for a woman in North India to be barren. There is no real bad and good culture because they are all seen from different points of view. English culture can easily be judged by some one living in a culture completely different to ours. Culture is different every where but as the day ages so can culture. These three stories really outline the gender segregation, cultural segregation, racial segregation and educational segregation. What is interesting to find in these short stories are how people can be so excepting to their culture and it shows us how culture is something we all follow through and is passed on to us and we pass it on to our children. It could be said that arranged marriages are bad but then again in an Indian culture they could be a good thing and non-arranged marriages are bad. Different areas in the world have different cultures but some cultural views can be changed by different races living in a country like Britain for example if a black woman came from South Africa during the Apartheid their cultural beliefs could be greatly affected. These three stories really pin point the out come of young people’s lives as they adapt to their culture, gender, class and the teachings from their parents or in laws. Our culture and where we live affects our learning and understanding of life dramatically and that is what I will be looking at in detail. In the story Country Lovers, which is written by Nadine Gordimer, the relationship between Paulus and Thebedi is forbidden due to race . The Their relationship was only physical. â€Å"When he was 15 and six feet tall, and tramping round at school dances with the girls from the ‘sister’ school in the same town; when he had learnt how to tease and flirt and fondle quite intimately with these girls who were the daughters of prosperous farmers like his farther; when he had even met one who, at a wedding he had attended with his parents on a nearby farm, had let him do with her what people do when they made love† demonstrates how Paulus is careless for other peoples emotions and he only wanted something physical. He did not want a meaningful relationship. Paulus wanted something physical, not to express his emotions. In my opinion Paulus is the type to play girls and doesn’t understand a loving relationship. His body has matured far more than his heart and brain. I think Paulus was just trying to impress people and expose a rebel part of him and tries to be a typical, white, teenage male in South Africa so no one can suspect his sexual relationship with Thebedi. When he talks to Thebedi he feels he doesn’t need to impress her as he tries to do at school with the white children. Thebedi’s character is far more different then Paulus’. It seemed to me that at the beginning of the story she had true feelings for Paulus. â€Å"She told the girls in the kraal that she had another sweet heart nobody knew about, far away, away on another farm and they giggled and teased and admired her† emphasizing the fact that even though she knows no one should know about Paulus, she still felt she needed to expose her true feelings to the girls in the kraal. â€Å"He had said the natives made them on his father’s farm† shows he was too embarrassed to say that the bracelet that he got was made by his black friend who works on his father’s farm. The government didn’t care for its black people as they established the colour bar which meant that all black workers were to lose their jobs and be replaced by unqualified white people with know jobs. White supervisors decided not to work until the black people came back and the new unqualified white people were removed from the work place. In 1914, after a strike from the supervisors, the government decided all races could be employed accor ding to their qualifications. Also Black and White relationships were Illegal due to the immorality act which prevented it. The immorality act was started in 1948 and due to democratic elections was stopped in 1994. The immorality act didn’t only prevent white and black relations but Indian and coloured relations as well. This was because the government wanted the white race as the top class. This meant that if two races were to have a relationship it meant two classes were having a relationship. The black community got the worst education, medical treatments and homes. This was because it was all put in their homeland by the government. The government said they wanted to prepare black people for their future as working class. Black and white relationships were disgrace to both family groups. Nadine Gordimer, the author in Country Lovers, narrates in the third person and becomes very detached; this causes the reader to really feel what the characters felt. Because the story was written in third person we clearly see the true feelings and situations of the character. I think the author of this story may have done this because she may have wanted the reader to focus on the characters situation rather than telling the reader. The narrator talks of apartheid which was a difficult time for black people, but she doesn’t state whether apartheid was good or bad, leaving the reader to create their own views on it. A lot of the story is based on our judgment and what we think is right and wrong. Again, what I’ve noticed about this story is although Paulus and Thebedi live in the same farm their cultures are different due to class differences which is similar to Veronica. In A Stench of Kerosene I understood that Guleri and Manak loved each other but North Indian cultural traditions made things harder for them. Due to her culture Guleri’s life seems very dull. She does the same things every day of her life. â€Å"She counted the days to the harvest†. Shows how counting the days would make time go by and gives her something to look forward to. Guleri is different to Manak because she won’t let things get in her way. She’s more out spoken. She knows what she wants. â€Å"Your mother said nothing so why do you stand in my why?† demonstrating her outspoken character in this story. Her character is far different to Manak’s. Manak has a weaker but equally important character. He doesn’t stop his mother from arranging another marriage. He doesn’t speak out like Guleri. He lets Guleri leave with out telling her anything about his second marriage. â€Å"Manak wanted to retort, you are a woman; why don’t you cry like one for a change† demonstrates how he truly feels but is too scared to face the matriarch that is his mother. Due to the roles of men and woman in North Indian culture Guleri spent lots of time cleaning the house, feeding the animals and making food for her parents that she and Manak must have rarely seen each other. What can interest the reader is the symbol of his flute as what can be perceived as his undying love for her. When Guleri tells him to take his flute he says â€Å"you take it†. This demonstrates his feelings towards her. He’s willing to give her something of his that is so valuable. The Hindu act of marriage was made illegal in 1955 as it was causing young people to commit suicide. Woman would burn themselves if they were divorced or because they were being hurt by their husband and his family. There are many cases like Guleri’s in North India. In A Stench of Kerosene Amrita Pritam never mentions where they are. How I know the story is set in North India is because she uses words found in that region in the world like charpoy, chillum/hookah and dupattas. Also arranged marriages take place in Arab countries as well as India. The story is set in third person so the reader gets to interpret every ones emotions rather than one person’s emotion. The author tells the story as it is. She talks about what they do and their expressions which can let us decide whether how they feel at that moment. The reader gets to see the story in so many different angles. This method of writing gives the reader the chance to become a second writer. In Veronica the friendship between Veronica and Okeke is to do with how comfortable they are with each other. They don’t squabble or argue but are at peace with each other. They are true friends. â€Å"But for all the misery in her own life she never seemed to envy mine† demonstrates how they are casual together. They are best friends. They don’t need to show each other up. Okeke is the type of person to seize life with two hands and not let go. â€Å"I had won a scholarship to the university† shows how he grows academically. He wants to see more of the world. His ideas of life compared to veronica are totally opposite. He seizes any good opportunity in life useful to him but Veronica is a fatalist. She waits for things to come her way. This is due to her cultural upbringings. In the story it doesn’t really mention whether being a fatalist is a bad or good thing because that is for the reader to decide. Her culture may have taught her to accept what life gives so she must think it’s a good thing. My culture has not taught me to be a fatalist therefore in my opinion I don’t think it’s a good idea because if we let things come our way and just let it go then we will have nothing to make history with. Veronica’s views on life are just to do what job life gives you and accept everything you are given. In my opinion I see this as giving up and being week but that is how I see fatalism due to what my culture taught me. Veronica’s ideas of the role of man and woman are extremely out dated in English culture. Her beliefs are a man provides the food while the woman cooks, cleans and has children. â€Å"Don’t talk foolishness† explains how farfetched she thinks Okeke is when he offers money to take a correspondence course. â€Å"I have to go and cook, my father will be home soon† demonstrates her beliefs on women as an object to cook food. It’s a typical female role especially in her culture. She feels there is no need for a woman in a big city. It goes against everything her culture has taught her. What I’ve noticed about this story is although Okeke and Veronica live in the same village they have different cultural views due to their class. Okeke comes from a richer family so he is freer but Veronica comes from a poor family and they have typical ideas in culture which are very out dated. This story tells me that culture varies in class of family. In the story Veronica it doesn’t mention where they are so the reader has to try to get an idea of where in the world this story is set. I believe that the story is set in Nigeria in Africa. This is because the name Okeke is a Nigerian name and also Veronica mentions standard six which is like a qualification used in Africa. On top of that it’s a male dominated society and so is Nigeria. I think the reason why it’s not mentioned is because Adewale Maja-Pearce, which is a Nigerian name, wants the readers to research more on Nigerian culture so they could understand the story more clearly and get a more insightful view on it. In Country Lovers the relationship between Paulus and Thebedi has really affected their relationship as they realised it was wrong for black and white people to have a relationship during the apartheid. They knew having sexual relations was wrong but they couldn’t control their sexual needs. â€Å"He did not tell her about school or town any more. She did not ask questions any longer. He told her each time when they would meet again† which demonstrates how they only wanted a physical relationship and nothing else. They couldn’t even talk to each other any more but they loved having their physical relationship. Their culture has taught them what they are doing is dirty and horrible. â€Å"He was a popular boy. He was in the second then the first soccer team† demonstrates although he progress to become educationally better inside he’s becoming morally worse (due to the emphases he may receive from his upbringing in becoming more dignified in order to altar his social prestige) . From this quote I’ve also noticed things only get better for Paulus as he learns to drive, he studies at university, he looks after his fathers farm, he becomes popular at school and he’s in the football team but as for Thebedi things only get worse as she loses her only white friend, she’s forced to lie to her family, she’s forced to get married, she gets pregnant, no one believes her case, the man she thought she trusted betrayed her and she was in a dead end job so while he progresses forward she progressively gets worse. But they obviously can’t control these inexplicable and dark desires they have for each other. Their forbidden relationship has made the physical side, which is the only real side to their relationship, more attractive and luring. The innocence in two, young children became tainted as they became young adults. â€Å"The young man Njambulo asked her father for her† demonstrates how traditional Thebedi’s family is, so it would be a shock if they find what she’s been doing. Her culture holds her back from what she wants to do or say. It also demonstrates that black people of South Africa during the apartheid were more traditional then the white people. I believe this is because the white people ruled at the time so the black people were left never to develop their ideas on tradition. They couldn’t change their culture just like the UK has since the early nineteen hundreds where women were seen as to clean the house and look after children where as in now women have the same rights as men. â€Å"She was calm; she said she had not see what the white man had did in the house† demonstrates her giving up knowing that the white man will always win. The South African apartheid has taught her that black people are unimportant in the eyes of white people. Also, she refers to Paulus as â€Å"the white man† and not her sweet heart any more. This demonstrates how she realised Paulus was just another white mane and to him she was just a black woman. It was as simple as that. I think that Njambulo played a huge role in Country Lovers because he supported Thebedi and he didn’t care whether the baby was his or not. He just wanted to be there for her. He had true feelings for her and the baby. â€Å"Out of his farm labourer’s earnings he bought from the Indian store a cellophane-windowed pack containing a pink plastic bath, six napkins, a card of safety pin, a knitted jacket cap and bootees, a dress and a tin of Johnsons baby powder for Thebedi’s baby† which demonstrates how he cared for the baby and how he wanted a good life for her and Thebedi. I also realise that he knows it’s not his baby as the quote says â€Å"Thebedi’s baby† and not their baby. His culture has taught him to be a h ard working man who needs to provide for his family to stay alive. Even though he wasn’t provided with a good education he still knows the basic rules of survival like how to build a house which is something that can’t be taken away from him. In Country Lovers Nadine Gordimer never mentions where the story is set. But it was obvious as there were white people in the black native people’s land and Thebedi and Paulus’ relationship was hidden which told me that what they were doing was wrong. After some research I discovered the immorality act in South Africa which prevented black and white relationships. Also the white people owned the land and the black people worked on the land for the white people which demonstrated what happened to the black people during the apartheid. The story Country Lovers is written in third person. I think Nadine Gordimer used this method because there are so many different ideas that can be perceived in this story so it enables the reader to analyse the story from so many angles. The reader gets to give an opinion of the character. For example in Veronica Okeke tells the story in first person so he gives his opinion on people but in Country Lovers the story is told in third person so the reader can give his/her own judgment. In Veronica the attitudes towards education from Okeke were that education was important and needed to succeed in life. Okeke was richer than Veronica so he had a better education. It’s obvious his culture has taught him you need education to succeed. â€Å"I had won a scholarship to the university† tells me he pushes himself and values education. He takes things quick and doesn’t let go. The attitudes towards education from Veronica are simply hopeless. She feels it’s not a woman’s place to work due to her culture. â€Å"When I have qualified I will send you money to a correspondence course† explains that Okeke knows how Veronica feels about women and work so he offers her money for a correspondence course as it’s thought of as a female role but she still rejects his offer. She thinks life has given her a specific job which is to look after her family. She comes from a small tight-knit community and she has no education. She has really low expectations of herself and hasn’t got a lot of confidence. â€Å"Okeke, I won’t live to see tomorrow. Nor do I want to. My husband is dead and my child also. There is nothing left for me in this world† which definitely demonstrates how weak she has become. She thinks if she stays in this world she would have nothing to do. She thinks she was put on the world to look after her family not to go out and accomplish something great. Due to her culture her friendship with Okeke has drifted away because all her life she was taught that her job is to look after people while Okeke was taught to accomplish amazing things. What’s different about the story Veronica is all the characters show that they disagree with their cultural rules through their actions but Veronica accepts everything. She did what she was told until the end of her life where she could be forgotten. She won’t be remembered for something great. She was just a woman who looked after her family. In her point of view she might be happy as she is doing her job just as a doctor does his. Her ideas are a doctor can’t be a house wife but a house wife can’t be a doctor. In my opinion she thinks every one is given a role to play by and once they have done their job there is no point of them being in this world. What I find interesting about this story is it’s in the first person so we as the readers have to try hard and interpret what Okeke feels as he tells the story. We get to explore his emotions and what he thinks Veronica feels. Because Okeke tells us his story we get to see the difference between the city culture and country culture and how it distracted his thoughts on what country life looks life in Nigeria. â€Å"I was shocked by what I found. Either I had forgotten about the squalor of village life, or it had worsened during my absence. The place was crawling with disease and every body was living-surviving- in acute poverty† demonstrate how clean city life must be compared to country life. He obviously is in disgust as he uses a lot of negative correlations. This tells me that City culture has made a huge impact on his life. The attitudes towards marriage and the role of wife in A Stench of Kerosene are so old and out dated. The point I’m making is that women in North India were perceived as objects. I can tell by Guleri’s actions. â€Å"She went about her daily chores – fed the cattle, cooked food for her parents in law† demonstrating how bored she must have been of her life. She does the same thing every day. Her daily life is the same as a servant’s life. During the time of Hindu marriages women were seen to do three main jobs which are to cook, clean and carry children. The most important is to carry children. What is unsurprising in the story is why Manak married again but I know it was due to parental and cultural teaching. â€Å"Manak and Guleri were married for seven years and she had never borne a child and Manak’s mother had made a secret resolve that she would not let it go beyond the eighth year† which blatantly points out that the whole point of a Hindu marriage is to have kids. Manak dared not to speak to his mother about this. As I analysed the story it seems to me that she makes the decisions and is the head of the house. She is the matriarch of the family and if he retorts to her it could make life harder for him. Manak and his mother don’t have a strong relationship. Their relationship is based on his fear to her and she uses it against him by pushing him about. Manak is adapting to his culture as it teaches mainly to have children. He is being taught that the woman’s job is to cook, clean and carry children while the man provided. Muslim Arabs thought that the Quran, which is the Muslim holy book, suggested arranged marriages but after scholars had studied the Quran hard they realised that marriage or arranged marriage is not the big issue. What is important is that the man and woman are both Muslims. But due to this error arranged marriages have become more traditional and are preferred by the parents of a family. Hinduism has a strong belief in arranged marriages. The bride and groom would not dare refuse to the marriages due to honour killings. If they do refuse they would be a disgrace to their society and their family so they would be erased from existence and would be forgotten from their family and society. In North India the Hindu act of marriage was seen as religious and traditional and was taken very seriously until 1955 where it was made illegal. By reading these three stories I have realized that culture can be easily changed by the person who passes it on to their child. Culture is so different and we can’t judge other people on this. They could easily do the same to our culture. Our minds are molded by our culture which is why, as we grow, we prefer what ever culture we have and what it has taught us in life. As I compare my culture to Veronica’s I realised hers is a bit farfetched and much different compared to mine but different cultures can be seen in different angles. Our minds adapt as we grow according to our culture. Of course some people would like a freer culture but their ideas in culture change as they grow. An example of this is Manak’s life. In A Stench of Kerosene Manak didn’t like the idea of marrying again but maybe as he grows he might decide to change his mind on arranged marriages. There is a huge difference between English culture and the cultures in the three short stories. We do not have the right to judge other people on their cultural beliefs as they could do the same to us. We all have different cultures and when we have adjusted ourselves to them we get used to them and keep them. In these three short stories it is clear that culture plays the biggest role and is put before love. In every story culture was victorious at the end. This doesn’t mean it’s a bad thing because, for example, if a middle aged woman from North India had read A Stench of Kerosene she is most likely to think it had a good ending. At the end of A Stench of Kerosene Culture came before love, at the end of Veronica culture came before personal options and at the end Country Lovers culture came before free will. I would like to finish off saying we all have different cultures and we can all adapt to it as we grow but we shouldn’t judge other peoples cultures because our culture could easily be judged.

In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, main character...

In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, main character Ralph must hide himself from the savagery and violence of his foe Jack and his tribe. Fleeing from their barbarity, he hides in the thicket from the manhunt and contemplates the death of his only two allies, Piggy and Simon . By setting a fire Jack’s tribe aims to flush Ralph out of hiding, and his options for escape are limited. Alone and frantic, Ralph’s feelings are displayed in the suspenseful and unnerving mood that Golding creates through point of view, diction and syntax. To build a terrifying mood Golding begins chapter 12 in the third person, but by mingling in sentences of first person the reader is able to cognize Ralph’s true fear. Ralph thinks to himself â€Å"Perhaps he [the†¦show more content†¦Clumsily handling the weapon not only shows Ralph’s fear, but also keeps the reader on edge because if he is unable to pull himself together, he will have no way to defend himself . Additionally, the words used in the description of the setting where Ralph is hiding also add to this panic. â€Å"Screaming† birds and â€Å"shrieking† mice add a frantic backdrop where nature parallels Ralph’s internal feelings (199). Though Ralph’s life depends on remaining silent and still, inside he is fighting back his own cries. The noises protruding from the wildlife have a unnerving, upsetting connotation that contribute to a feeling of stress and chaos on the reader. Through both of these choices, Golding continues to develop an atmosphere of expectation and fright. Lastly, Golding’s syntax adds an additional element to drive home the fearful mood he wants to create. By using sentence fragments he creates the tension building up to Ralph’s discovery by a savage, saying â€Å"[One] could see a knee disturb the mold. Now the other. Two hands. A spear. A face†(199). Ending the paragraph with that cliffhanger mimics the susp ense Ralph has in being caught, and his vulnerability in being alone. The short choppiness of the sentences also shows the limitations Ralph would have in forming clear thoughts in the face of such turmoil. It would be unrealistic to have full, elaborateShow MoreRelatedImportant Values In Beowulf772 Words   |  4 Pagesthree things that are important to Beowulf’s culture are Lof, Comitatus, and Wyrd, these three important value show Beowulf’s appearance as a great warrior. First, Log is an important value of Beowulf’s culture, because his father Edgetho carried Lof when he was a great warrior before he died, the people of Geats knew who Edgetho was even though in the story it did not show, but the reader knew what Beowulf’s father had done to receive the Lof. 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