Similarities Between Apology Speech And The Crucible

Both texts explicate the power of political and social injustices to drive individuals to pursue their own motivations. Composers’ representations of the complex relationship between people and politics are influenced by various moral and social agendas, whereby a portrayal of reality and meaning is inherently subjective. Arthur Miller’s dramatic allegory â€Å"The Crucible† explores the political and social ramifications of the contentious ‘Cold War’ period in American history when the widespread fear of communism arose. Kevin Rudd’s political speech, â€Å"Apology Speech† delivered on the 13th of February 2008, also examines both the political and ethical consequences of colonial history and the impact of past events on people and politics.†¦show more content†¦Rudd employs an array of literary devices to illustrate reparation and reconciliation between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. His use of anaphora in â€Å"we reflect† and â€Å"a future† embeds the need for the Australian political system and also individuals of the Australian public to amend their views and values regarding Aboriginal society and disseminate empathy for the injustices of the past. In contrast to the Crucible, where fear and paranoia complement power and authority and are used as a means of marginalisation, Rudd’s uses his position of authority in order to unite and transform the values of Australian society. The McCarthy tribunals saw rational thought give way to paranoia, as innocent citizens were victimised by a wave of intimidation and harassment. The rising tension at the end of every act in â€Å"The Crucible† reflects the repression of personal grievances and dominance of strict social hierarchies. The motif of darkness conveys Abigail’s desire for power and acceptance â€Å"I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and bring a pointy reckoning† manipulating societal fear to gain retribution against those who have wronged her. However, the denouement reveals Proctor’s preservation of his moral integrity at the cost of his name and reputation, ‘[he] tears the confession and crumples it...weeping in fury, but erect’ – as the stageShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPerception? 166 Factors That Influence Perc eption 167 165 Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others 168 Attribution Theory 168 †¢ Common Shortcuts in Judging Others 170 †¢ Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations 173 The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making 174 Decision Making in Organizations 175 The Rational Model, Bounded Rationality, and Intuition 175 †¢ Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making 177 Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and

Counterarguing Colemans Allegations that Global Warming...

The argument put forward by John Coleman, in his article â€Å"Global Warming Greatest Scam in History!†, is flawed mainly due to numerous logical fallacies. â€Å"Ad Hominem†, â€Å"Guilt by Association†, â€Å"Red Herring†, â€Å"Appeal to Irrelevant Authority†, â€Å"Hasty Generalization†, and â€Å"Genetic Fallacy† are some of the logical fallacies that can be observed to prevail in Coleman’s argument. As a consequence, the soundness, validity, clarity, reasoning and consistency of the whole article are insubstantial. Coleman’s premises fail to support his proposition that global warming is a scam, making the whole argument distorted and faulty. The first defective premise that Coleman uses to support his claim, is that the scientists are â€Å"dastard†, â€Å"manipulative† and†¦show more content†¦He is trying to argue that because the scientists want to become rich and popular, their findings must automatically be untrustworthy. This is fallacious logic in that the scientists’ intentions have no influence on their findings’ weight. This is another case of Coleman’s baseless premise. The second flawed premise in the argument is that PHD students are â€Å"more likely than not, part of that single minded culture.† In this case, Coleman is saying that all PHDs are of the same type, their only aim is money and glory. Coleman uses hasty generalization and genetic fallacy to support it, which are both faulty logics. First of all, hasty generalization can be observed as Coleman reasons that because he got his PHD, all other PHDs must be like him, which follows that since all PHDs he knows are single minded, all PHDs must also be single minded. This generalization in itself is shaky since the sample group of students is far too small to be used as a generalization of the whole population. Furthermore there is not enough evidence to support this generalization; various important variables such as university attended, age and gender are not taken into account. Coleman does not have any evidence to hold this generalized proposition, rendering it void. In an attempt to put more weight to this proposition, Coleman also states

Much Ado About Nothing free essay sample

The negative and positive impacts of love are explored using various main characters in the play ‘Much ado About Nothing’. The play was written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan era and therefore love was portrayed in a very different way, they would have seen a woman as less important in a relationship; in this era however we have very different views and see both genders as equal. Consequently as the play progresses the Elizabethan audience would relate a lot more to the courtly love that Hero and Claudio comprise. The more unconventional relationship between Beatrice and Benedick may relate more to the relationships in this day and age. The strongest bond of love is between Beatrice and Benedick due to their cerebral relationship, a meeting of minds, as well as having a fun relationship grounded on loyalty. They experience negative impacts of love before the positive impacts; unlike Hero and Claudio’s relationship. With Leonato being much older than Claudio, Leonato knows what is best for his daughter, Hero and wants her to marry someone that will contribute to his self-image to, to make him look more superior. Claudio is Hero’s fiance, and Hero also plays an important image for Claudio’s sake. Claudio does not know Hero very much, but relates to her as a ‘Jewel’. By relating Hero to a ‘Jewel, it shows us how precious she is to him and as a jewel is a prized possession gives us the image that Hero is Claudio’s prized possession. Don Jon creates this devious plan to get back at his brother Don Pedro as Don Pedro has it was his responsibility for this marriage to continue, therefore he wooed Hero for Claudio, so if it was to go wrong it would look bad on Don Pedro as he started this relationship. In ‘Much Ado About Nothing’ Claudio seems to be very insecure; this is shown by the way Don Jon can easily mislead him into something which is not true. Claudio is seen as an easy target. To Claudio there is a lot of evidence as to him he is seeing it in front of is eyes and has the witness of Don Pedro and Don Jon. By this we can see it as very believable, however our eyes can deceive us and lead to consequences that you may not want to happen. As Claudio is obviously very angry at this stage he does not know how to confront Hero about this allegation. Claudio is in a state of shock, to watch his bride-to-be, have sex with a man that has less status than him, and immediately questions himself about marrying Hero and especially confused about what to do. He then again confronts ’Don Jon for advice and approval of what to do. The way Claudio public humiliated Hero was very harsh. All the anger got took out on her and made her look vastly diminutive. With Don Jon, Don Pedro and Benedick in the presence of this public humiliation affected the situation a lot. As Hero can be very timid in the presence of a man, she does not answer to Claudio’s accusations against her. With the fact that Don Jon, Don Pedro and Benedick were at the wedding; it gave a lot of pressure onto Claudio to show how superior he was in front of a respected woman to have supposedly slept with a lower class than her. Seeing that Don Jon, Don Pedro and Benedick was there and had witnessed themselves to have seen Hero have sex with another man before her wedding day, Claudio had there view of what had happened. By them being there Claudio showed that Hero was not worthy enough for him and wanted everyone else to know that as well; and look down at her. Claudio insults Hero and refers her to approved wanton’s in today’s standard English is known as a proven whore. Claudio refers Hero to this as he witnessed it for himself, and in the Elizabethan era, to loose your virginity before marriage was a big deal and you would be known as a whore. Claudio is offended by the fact that Hero is seemed to be so ‘pure’ and ‘worthy’ and she has done this terrible act. By Claudio relating Hero to a ‘pure’ and ‘worthy’ women, gives us the image she is an innocent lady and has been brought up well. Leonato plays a lot in these quotes because it puts the pressure onto him; giving the impression he wasn’t a good enough father to bring up his daughter to learn the meanings of wrong and right. This also shows a lot of the personal image; Claudio wants to show how he looked upon Hero before he found out about Hero’s wrongdoing, and then compares her to ‘Venus†¦pampered animal’. Venus was known as the goddess of sexual love, which relates to Hero as an over craved sexual ‘animal’. The meaning ‘pampered animal tells us that Claudio looks at Hero in an animal image; she cannot control herself and needs to be tamed. Saying that Hero is a ‘pampered animal’ contrasts with the fact she cannot be controlled but yet is living a luxurious lifestyle. By this Claudio is quick to accuse Hero of wrong doing and because Hero never would do such a thing it appears he does not know her very well. When Claudio accuses Hero of having sex with another lower class man, Leonato is also very quick to accuse Hero as well. This is because Claudio is a at a high status and Leonato looks highly up to him, with Don Jon’s blessing on the marriage it looks a bad image for Leonato’s daughter, Hero to commit such a crime’. When Hero was public humiliated, Leonato was to. Hero is seen as a part of Leonato as she shows the effort and care he has taken to bring her up as a: Loyal, Trusting, Obedient young lady. If Hero is to act in a dreadful way it would look back to Leonato because he is the one that brought her up. In Act 4, Scene 1, Leonato is incredibly ashamed of his daughter and what she has meant to have done. Leonato’s feelings are very intense, and it reflects the pride and love he felt towards Hero as a daughter. He is ashamed of how her honor has ‘fallen into a pit of ink’. The public humiliation affected Leonato’s judgment towards his daughter, because Leonato is the governor of his city and at the wedding everyone is there so it is a big deal, for someone that the city looks up for advice, that there daughter would do such an outstanding act. Overall, the way that Leonato and Claudio treat Hero, is mainly to do with their self-image and how they are seen among the fellow citizens of their city. If both Leonato and Claudio had not been in such a high class then it would not be such a bigger deal if she had slept with another man. Seeing that Hero did not sleep with another man, it shows how women are seen to me. Hero never really had her own mind and was expected to do what her father wanted for her and as for Leonato the image for Hero to be a loyal wife for him and for his status. Mostly a respected women is good for a mans image and shows that the father is capable to bring up his daughter to be a respected women. If Hero was to be guilty then it would look even worse for Leonato’s and Claudio’s self-image, as the citizens of their city would look down and would seem less superior.

Urban Consolidation

Definition of Urban Consolidation Accesses to transport services, land prices as well as distribution of employment are among the factors that determine the people’s choice of residential areas. Urban consolidation has always been seen as a means of reducing the quantity of land needed to constructed houses for the urban population. The main aim of urban consolidation is to reduce infringements in terms of urban developments in cities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Consolidation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urban Consolidation refers to a various sets of planning policies which are meant to maximize the use of the present urban infrastructure through encouraging development of buildings and infrastructures in the urbanized areas so as to limit urban sprawl (Smith 1997, 1). It entails building more houses in the existing urbanized zones so that to intensify the usage of the available social faci lities and utilities so that to minimize environmental degradation on those places (Smith 1997, 1). Economic and social reasons usually form the basis for need for developing the residential areas in the outskirts of metropolitans. Urban consolidation can be achieved under three models. The first one is the market-led consolidation that entails redevelopment of the existing suburban zones. It also entails development of the non-residential areas by buildings more houses than those that are already established in higher density zones as compare to the urban standard. The other approach is the transit-oriented development which involves mixed-used buildings in high-density residential in activity centers. The final approach requires that new developments on periphery of the metropolitan areas be at higher average than the existing averages for the urban areas (Smith 1997). Social Benefits of Urban Consolidation Urban consolidation gives residents a wider range of housing options to su it their unique needs as well as different households. It therefore allows residents to move through an array of housing types as situations of their households change. Besides, it may also help to achieve a more sociable as well as cooperative society. Urban consolidation also helps in providing better quality and plentiful housing closer to people’s workplaces. Urban consolidation is associated with good infrastructures that greatly enhance communication. When buildings are concentrated in one place, it becomes easier for the government to provide the residence with appropriate infrastructure and sewage system than when house are scattered everywhere (Bishop Syme 1981, 235).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social Disadvantages of Urban Consolidation Consolidation may be limited without redevelopments in that vacant buildings could occur on empty land before the need to redevelop the area is realized. Potential residential areas which have no current residents could lead to dislocation in the town. Besides, if persistent inconveniencies exist on the population that resides in the area to an extent that they can no longer tolerate, they may be forced to migrate. However, the problem arises when there is no place for temporary resettlement while redevelopments are ongoing. Again, delay in state-provided services like hospitals and schools may cause public complaints which are normally directed at the local government especially when there is no platform for addressing the issues. General high costs of living in the areas considered to be green-field development that result from urban consolidation may cause those of low socio-economic status to migrate to slums thereby leading to expansion of the slum areas. It should be noted that population growth and levels of employment are always not equitable. The rate of population will always surpass the rate of employment creation. Slums as usual, are bound to come with increase in social crimes in urban centers. According to Byrne and Sipe (2010, 1) urban consolidation may lead to concentration of social disadvantages and could also undermine social cohesion especially in situations where the urban planners have failed to properly manage urban consolidation thereby compromising residential amenity. Again there is the possibility of losing public open space due to high concentration of buildings. Creation of compact cities also discourages owner occupancy. Since the government aspires to maximize the existing urbanized area, there is no space for building single homes as the government aims to enable efficient use of the existing services and land. Those who would want to live in the suburban areas are limited by the provisions of the laws governing urban consolidation (Bishop Syme 1981, 231). Economic Benefits of Urban Consolidation Urban consolidation enhances the efficient use of the existing infrastructure especially in situations where there is surplus capacity of the infrastructure or in situations where the infrastructure is old and needs replacement. This enables the government achieve economies of scale. Old industrial sites and buildings as well as non-residential areas that exist in urban centers can be redeveloped into new residential areas. It allows for subdivision of corner blocks thereby permitting dual occupancy development and a range of residential accommodation both in the residential and business zones.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Consolidation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urban consolidation can help minimize the capital expenditure costs that are incurred in developing urban infrastructure as it leads to efficient use of the existing infrastructure and land. Reduced space for developments as well as decreased travel times that result from urban consol idation leads to energy and economic savings. This implies that urban consolidation has the capacity to minimize lost time on productivity. The high density population which is created by urban consolidation results to efficient use of the available transport (Smith 1997, 4). Urban consolidation also helps control urban expansion into the rural areas, thus protecting recreation, heritage as well as tourism resources. This enables the country to conserve its sources of revenue. Economic Disadvantages of Urban Consolidation Consolidation policies are usually adopted at the expense of potential new gree- field development areas leading to an increase on property prices in the redeveloped areas. Again, demand for business district properties would rise due to urban consolidation leading to increased values of office buildings. This would in turn increase the rental payments for corporations and individuals. Thus, not many people would be able to afford to pay the cost for occupying the new houses leading to development of slums. Generally, people would always want to minimize their expenses but live comfortably. Some people would therefore be forced to look for residential areas in other parts of the urban centre. According to Smith (1997, 4) economic savings tend to be more intuitive than real as most people tend to perceive the cost of maintaining as well as upgrading the inner city infrastructure to be very expensive. Environmental Benefits of Urban Consolidation Urban consolidation enables planning which reduces the impacts of urban developments on the sensitive ecological systems. Planning urban developments helps control unplanned urban expansion thereby reducing air pollution that result from such situations (Smith 1997, 3). Urban consolidation is founded on the idea that compact urban centres tend to use less fossil fuels and as such, emit lower greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. According to Woodburn (2005, 16) urban consolidation helps reduce fuel con sumption thereby lowering pollution as it enhances the use of more environmentally-sensitive vehicles. It also enables the government to consider introducing alternative forms of truck haulage into the urban centre. Besides, the government is able to develop environmental and social policies which can be easier to implement in consolidation centres (Woodburn 2005, 16).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Planning through urban consolidation enables conservation of agricultural land as well as water catchment areas. Urban consolidation allows for the creation of greenspaces which help protect the habitats as well as to preserve biodiversity (Byrne Sipe 2010, 9). Industries’ capacities to respond to environmental regulations are also enhanced. Infrastructure for directing effluents from the industry is well developed and hence industries find it easier to comply with the rules. Disadvantages of Urban Consolidation on the Environment High population density created by urban consolidation may increase pressure on the existing and already environmentally sensitive land thereby increasing susceptibility to negative environmental influences (Craig 1989, 46). Besides, state as well as regional environmental plans may conflict with the local environmental plan as the two levels pursue different environmental objectives. Consolidating houses on one place is likely to increase pollutio ns in that area. This is because of an increase in activities. For instance, it is likely that the rate of pollutions in such an area will amplify due to an increase of pollutions from the exhaust fumes from motor vehicles. Consolidating Australian Cities Smith (1997, 1) states that Australia’s population has significantly increased. Sydney alone requires about 520,000 more new housing units to sustain its population’s needs from the period of 1991 to 2021 (Smith 1997, 1). This has prompted the Australian government to respond to these projections by adopting urban consolidation policies. The government repealed state government policies governing the urban consolidation in 1995, therefore making urban consolidation in Australian cities more feasible as compared to the past. Councils were given the opportunity to develop policies and goals that would meet the requirements of urban consolidation and that were in line with the vision of the government (Smith 1997). These policies were integrated with the State Environmental Planning Policy and the Metropolitan Residential Development. Earlier on, attempts by the government to allow for the development of medium density housing in 1982 had been met by strong opposition from the general public as they felt that councils were likely to pursue their own initiatives (Smith 1997, 7). These steps that have been taken by the government make urban consolidation in Australian cities feasible. In Sydney, urban consolidation was gazetted in 1991 leading to the zoning of non-residential sites that were no longer used for their original purposes. This facilitated the redevelopment of these areas into medium density housing (Smith 1997, 8). According to Glazerbrook and Rickwood (2009, 1) previous researches have indicated high population density, shifts in travel behaviors as well as a mix of land use in Australian cities which call for the need for alternative urban planning policies which would enhance higher d ensity development particularly in areas such as public transport nodes. However, such policies have not received equivocal support from the general public. Urban consolidation in Australian urban cities could be motivated by the high population densities in the cities, geographic constraints caused by the city shapes as well as transport infrastructure, the cultural and economic practices in the respective cities and the cities’ populace wealth. According to Byrne and Sipe (2010, 1) Australian cities have transformed in the recent years to ensure that the built environments achieve environmental sustainability as they adapt to the changing demographic trends. Australian city planners and decision makers are focused on protecting green-fields. They are therefore directing the growth of urban centres away from the green-field sites which occur at the metropolitan fringe to the already existing developed environments, thus increasing the population density in those areas. Accor ding to Byrne and Sipe (2010, 1) some stakeholders argue that densification and the associated population increase in urban open spaces as well as green spaces may pose challenges that are beyond the capacity of the Australian planning systems. Urban consolidation could be feasible in Australian cities as most stakeholders including the political class are of the view that urban consolidation would offer opportunities for enhancing and interconnecting public spaces. This would enable improve the provision of social amenities within urban areas. Most cities in Australia such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane among others which are have adopted urban consolidation are either aiming to improve service delivery to citizens, protecting the nearby rivers or rivers passing through the urban centres, protecting the existing parks around the urban centres, facilitating and enhancing active recreation as well as healthy lifestyles among others. Australia is a home for heritage tourism and relies heavily on tourism and therefore protecting its heritage remains a key factor in the development of its urban centres (Byrne Sipe 2010, 1). In the wake of increasing need for more houses in the 21st century, the Australian government is coming up with better urban consolidation strategy. These include; increasing compact cities using less urban land as well as existing infrastructure; expanding the cities within linear corridors; redeveloping the public transport as well as controlling urban expansion into the rural areas. This will greatly enhance the housing process in the country (Smith 1997, 9). Reference List Bishop, B., J., Syme, G. J., 1981, The social costs and benefits of urban consolidation: A time budget/contingent valuation approach. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(2): 233-245. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Byrne, J., Sipe, N., 2010, Green and open space planning for urban consolidation: A review of the literature and best practice. Urban Research Program, Issue Paper 11. Brisbane: Griffith University. pp. 1-9. Web. Craig, B., 1989, Health costs and benefits of urban consolidation versus suburban expansion in Adelaide: A literature review. Canberra: The National Library of Australia. P. 46. Glazerbrook, G., Rickwood, P., 2009. Urban structures and commuting in Australian cities. Urban Policy and Research, 00(0): 1-18. New York: Routledge. Smith, S., 1997, Urban consolidation: Current developments. Briefing Paper No. 23/97. Parliament of New South Wales. New South West Parliamentary Library. pp. 1-9. Web. Woodburn, A., 2005, Overview of consolidation centres for urban and specialist use. BESTUFS II – First Workshop (January 13-14 2005). University of Westminster. P. 16. This essay on Urban Consolidation was written and submitted by user Debr11 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.